Final Reflection

Technology is continually evolving, and society along with it. Digital pedagogies are vital for enabling future generations to navigate the increasingly complex digital world (Howell, 2012). This task helped me uncover many valuable online programs- including WordPress, Prezi and Audacity – that can be utilised in classrooms to enhance learning. Implementing these resources into my future teaching practice will assist my students in becoming digitally fluent prior to entering the technology driven workforce (Resnick, 2002, p. 33 as cited in White, 2013; Howell, 2012).

I previously viewed blogging as a hobby, so I was surprised to learn that blogs have a place in the classroom. Websites like WordPress can be used to make tasks such as reflective writing and learning journals more stimulating for children as they find lessons involving technology more engaging (Howell, 2012).  I recognised how blogs can develop students’ critical analysis, communication and literacy skills (Duffy & Bruns, 2006) through my own experiences in this assignment. Furthermore, in creating this blog, I discovered that they can also be used as a curation tool through the inclusion of hyperlinks, videos and images (Flintoff, Mellow & Clark, 2014).

An example of how blogs and Twitter can be used in the classroom.

Students have different learning styles, stressing the importance of “multi-sensory” (Reid, 2005) teaching strategies. Visual presentation tools appeal to students who best interpret information by seeing it (Felder & Henriques, 1995). Visual aids also increase interest and consolidate ideas (westernsydney.edu.au/studysmart). I used to favour Microsoft PowerPoint but have since discovered that there is an abundance of alternatives. Prezi, Powtoon and Storify are programs that I believe provide more interactive and noteworthy ways of presenting information. However, I found Prezi to be the most time-consuming and difficult to navigate tool that I used for my assignment; something that teachers would need to consider before using it with students.

Auditory learners (Reid, 2005) benefit from the use of tools such as Audacity, which allow them to hear information, or record it and play it back. Additionally, audio programs allow students to practice and improve their speaking and listening skills. I personally find audio tools most helpful when used alongside visual aids. Due to Audacity having no visual component, I included a script with my recording to make it more engaging and easier for the listener to follow.

Student Learning Styles
Visual and auditory are two learning styles which need to be catered for in the classroom. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/katemard/visual-auditory-tactile-kinesthetic

In this modern age, utilising a variety of technology and programs is necessary for engaging “digitally expectant” (Howell, 2012) children. However, teachers must first consolidate their own digital learning. It is their technological competence that will provide students with the knowledge and skills to navigate the digital world.

References

Duffy, Peter D. & Bruns, Axel (2006) The Use of Blogs, Wikis and RSS in Education: A Conversation of Possibilities. In Online Learning and Teaching Conference 2006, 26 Sep. 2006, Brisbane. Retrieved from                                        http://eprints.qut.edu.au/5398/1/5398.pdf

Howell, J., (2012) Teaching With ICT Digital Pedagogies for Collaboration and Creativity. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford Press.

Reid, G. (2005). Learning Styles and Inclusion. London: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=433645

Smart-boards in the Classroom [image] (2013).  Retrieved from http://classtechprosandcons.blogspot.com.au/2013/01/using-technology-in-classroom.html

Student Learning Styles [image] (2011). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/katemard/visual-auditory-tactile-kinesthetic

University of Western Sydney Library (2017) Types and Uses of Visual Aids. Retrieved from https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1082677/Presentations_-_using_visual_aids.pdf

Participation and the Digital Divide

Audio Summation

The following link will direct you to my audio summation on the week 4 topic Participation and the Digital Divide, created using Audacity. The script is provided in the video to help you follow along and also features below.

References are located at the bottom of this post.

Follow along with the script below: 

At a glance, everyone seems to be constantly using technology. But the reality is that not everyone has equal access to the digital tools that many of us take for granted. With 86% of Australian households connected to the internet, access has increased (Howell, 2012), but there is a significant gap in skills between those who can and cannot afford these technologies (Sevron, 2008). This is known as the digital divide. 

What is the Digital Divide?

In Australia and throughout the world, there is a lack of equal access to digital technology. Socio-economic factors are the main cause of the divide. Typically, lower income households struggle to afford digital devices and internet connection (Howell, 2012). As a result, they fall behind in the rapidly evolving digital world. Owners of the latest gadgets and those who are exposed to technology, are continually developing their I.T. (Information Technology) skills. So, the gap widens; those who can afford digital technologies become  more competent than those who have limited access and I.T. experience.

Who is Missing Out?

According to the Australian Digital Inclusion Index of 2016 (Thomas, Barraket, Ewing, MacDonald,  Mundell & Tucker), digital access is unevenly distributed across the country. People who are of lower socio-economic class, indigenous background, over the age of 65, living with a disability or residing in a rural or remote location tend to be less digitally included.

Skills and the Divide:

Over recent years, many devices have lowered in price (Wang, Myers & Sundaram, 2013). This has reduced the financial influence on the digital divide. Affordability has provided greater access to technology, but has failed to bridge the gap. This suggests that access alone does not create “digital fluency” (Howell, 2012), and so there is still disparity between the skill levels of individuals (van Dijk 2006, p. 225; Goode, 2010 p 499, as cited in Wang, Myers & Sundaram, 2013).

The Impact of the Digital Divide in the Classroom

Parents expect schools to provide technology and I.T. education that is unavailable to their children at home (Howell, 2012). However, teaching I.T. can be a difficult task for educators because of the different levels of skills and experience among their students. Children who come from one of the backgrounds listed as being  disadvantaged may be “digitally illiterate” due to their lack of exposure to even the most basic programs.  This can significantly affect learning, as children with insufficient computer skills generally have poorer academic outcomes at school (Zhao et al, 2010, as cited in Wang et al., 2013).

For more information, watch Brigitte Daniels’ TEDx Talk about the divide  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3X4l3S-O70

References

Howell, J. (2012). Teaching With ICT: Digital Pedagogies for collaboration and creativity. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Reddit (2015) Children See iPad for First Time [image]. Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/MadeMeSmile/comments/3fsu51/african_children_see_an_ipad_for_the_first_time/

Sevron, L.J. (2008). Bridging the Digital Divide: Technology, Community, and Public Policy. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1002/9780470773529

Thomas, J., Barraket, J., Ewing, S., MacDonald, T., Mundell, M. & Tucker, J. (2016). Measuring Australia’s Digital Divide: The Australian Digital Inclusion Index 2016. Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, for Telstra. Retrieved from DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.4225/50/57A7D17127384

Wang, Qian (Emily), Myers, Michael D., Sundaram, David (2013). Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants: Towards a Model of Digital Fluency. Business & Information Systems Engineering; Berkeley 5.6 (Dec 2013): 409-419. Retrieved from DOI 10.1007/s12599-013-0296-y  http://search.proquest.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1459530900?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo

Digital Fluency

Follow the link to view my visual presentation on the topic of Digital Fluency, created using Prezi.

https://prezi.com/view/qhIh0d2UQKrTnm7Vprjh/  

References

Bartlett, J. & Miller, C. (2011) Truth, lies and the internet: a report into young people’s digital fluency. DEMOS. Retrieved from  http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/23204/1/Truth_-_web.pdf

Can Capital (2016). Checklist Image. Retrieved from https://www.cancapital.com/resources/small-business-tax-checklist/

Hale Advisors (2015) Digital Technology Image. Retrieved from http://www.haleadvisors.com/cause-were-living-in-a-digital-world-sic-madonna/

Howell, J. (2012). Teaching With ICT: Digital pedagogies for collaboration and creativity. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

The Horizons Tracker (2016) Divide Image. Retrieved from  http://adigaskell.org/2016/03/03/is-open-data-worsening-the-digital-divide/digital-divide/

Wang, Qian (Emily), Myers, Michael D., Sundaram, David (2013). Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants: Towards a Model of Digital Fluency. Business & Information Systems Engineering; Berkeley 5.6 (Dec 2013): 409-419. Retrieved from DOI 10.1007/s12599-013-0296-y  http://search.proquest.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1459530900?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo

Wang, Qian (Emily), Myers, Michael D., Sundaram, David (2013). Figure 1: Conceptual Model of Digital Fluency. Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants: Towards a Model of Digital Fluency. Business & Information Systems Engineering; Berkeley 5.6 (Dec 2013) p 415. Retrieved from DOI 10.1007/s12599-013-0296-y  http://search.proquest.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1459530900?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo

White, Gerald K., “Digital fluency: skills necessary for learning in the digital age” (2013). Retrieved from  http://research.acer.edu.au/digital_learning/6

123RF (2017) Social Media Head Image. Retrieved from https://www.123rf.com/photo_15327261_computer-mobile-phone-and-tablet-colors-icons-in-man-head-with-social-media-pattern-background.html

References can also be found at the end of the presentation

Being a Digital Curator

There is an astonishing amount of information at our fingertips. We now live in a “global information society” (Howell, 2012, p 12) where knowledge is shared freely across the world and is no longer constrained by physical barriers such as time and distance.

Anyone who has ever conducted an internet search will tell you that the sheer amount of information returned can be overwhelming.

Screenshot Google Search
To demonstrate, I ‘Googled’ the word ‘cats’ and in less than 0.52 seconds I was bombarded with approximately 902,000,000 results from Google alone!

This is where digital curation comes in. People have the ability to collate information on a given topic into one convenient location. Digital information can be collected, combined and altered before being transformed into a new display of content (Flintoff, Mellow & Clark, 2014; McLeod, 2013 as cited in Poole, 2016). This presents existing data from a fresh perspective (Minocha & Petre, 2012; Jenkins et al, 2009, as cited in Flintoff et al, 2014).

Digital Curation Process
A flowchart of the digital curation process retrieved from https://www.theedublogger.com/2014/06/12/curation/

When conducting a search, it can be difficult to determine which sources are the most reliable.

Hint* it’s probably not the first result on the page.

Digital curators can control the quality of their content, ensuring that their target audience is only presented with reliable and relevant information (Flintoff et al, 2014).

How Can Digital Curation be Used in the Classroom?

As curators, teachers can create an organised pool of information surrounding a specified topic. When it comes time for students to conduct research, they are supplied with a host of reliable content that has been filtered and collated by their teacher (Gadot & Levin, 2012). This guides students’ learning, preventing them from becoming distracted by irrelevant links, websites and advertisements.

curation for digital learning
Clark, T. (2017) Retrieved from https://byotnetwork.com/category/curation/

Benefits for The Classroom:

  • Relevant information is accessible without the need for tedious internet searches
  • Teachers ensure content is from trustworthy sources
  • Prevents students encountering inappropriate or explicit content
  • Saves time – more time for students to work on the task, less wasted on unsuccessful research
10 reasons for curation
T. Clark (2017). Retrieved from https://byotnetwork.com/2017/01/18/content-curation-strategies-for-digital-learning/

Students as Curators:

Children can also be curators by creating their own streams on the topic. Gadot & Levin (2012) suggest that teachers can then oversee their students’ creations and filter the most useful content into one resource for the whole class to use. Combining students’ information allows for the inclusion of lesser-used resources and individual perspectives.

Some Curation Tools To Try:

There are an increasing number of curation tools available, many of which are free in web and app platforms (Flintoff et al., 2014).

For more, check out Educator’s Top 10

References:

Beagrie, N. (2006) Digital Curation for Science, Digital Libraries, and Individuals. The International Journal of Digital Curation. Issue 1, Volume 1, 2006. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.507.5309&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Centreline Digital (2015) What is Digital Curation Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/8Qzgj7Mk8As

Clark, Dr T., (2017) Curation for Digital Learning [image]. Retrieved from https://byotnetwork.com/category/curation/

Clark, Dr T., (2017) 10 Reasons for Content Curation [image]. Retrieved from https://byotnetwork.com/2017/01/18/content-curation-strategies-for-digital-learning/

Digital Curation Flowchart (2014) [image].  Retrieved     from https://www.theedublogger.com/2014/06/12/curation/

Digital Media Filter (2012) [image]. Retrieved from http://fannewscast.com/content-marketing/content-curation-and-analytics-capability/ 

Flintoff, K., Mellow, P. & Clark, K. P. (2014). Digital curation: Opportunities for learning, teaching, research and professional development. In Transformative, innovative and engaging. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Teaching Learning Forum, 30-31 January 2014. Perth: The University of Western Australia. http://ctl.curtin.edu.au/professional_development/conferences/tlf/tlf2014/refereed/flintoff.html

Gadot, R., & Levin, I. (2012). Digital Curation as Learning Activity. Ilya Levin School of Education, Tel Aviv University (Israel). Proceedings, EDULEARN, 6038-6045. Retrieved from http://www.tau.ac.il/~ilia1/publications/curation.pdf

Poole Alex H. Poole, (2016) “The conceptual landscape of digital curation”, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 72 Issue: 5, pp.961-986. Retrieved from doi: 10.1108/JD-10-2015-0123  http://www.emeraldinsight.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/JD-10-2015-0123